Understanding word "Computer"

Over the years there have been several quite different meanings to the word 'computer', and a few different words for things we now usually called the computer.
For example "computer" are generally never used to mean hiring people to perform arithmetic calculations, with or without engine assist.


According to the Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, the word is used in English in 1646 as the word for "people who count" and then before 1897 is also to "mechanical calculators. During World War II, the word refers to American women workers whose jobs Serikatdan British artillery into account the way a big war with such machines.
Charles Babbage designed one of the first calculating machine called the analytical engine, but because of technology problems are not made in his life. Various tools are simple machines like a good slide rule was also mentioned the computer. In some cases they are referred to as "analog computer", as they symbolize the number of continuous physical quantities rather than in addition to the different binary digits. What is now called the "computer" is generally only ever called "digital computers" to distinguish them from other tools (which is still used in the field of analog signal processing, for example).


This is the thought of another word for computer, it is observed that prices in other languages chosen words do not always have the same literal meaning as the English word. In the French language for example, the word is "ordinateur", which means roughly "organizer", or "separating machine". In the Spanish used the word "ordenador", with the same meaning, although in some countries they use anglicism computadora. In Italian, the computer is "calcolatore", calculator, Computational pressed using logic behind such a sorting. In Swedish, a computer called "dator" from "data". Or at least the 1950s, they were called "matematikmaskin" (math engines). In Language Indonesians, the computer called "dien lake" or a "brain power". In English, other words and phrases are used, such as "data processing machines".


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Computer Use

The children are using computers

The first digital computer, the size and cost of large, mostly working on scientific calculations. ENIAC, early computers originally designed for the U.S. account ballistics tables for weapons (artillery), calculate the density of neutron cross-section to see if the hydrogen bomb would work properly (this calculation, performed in December 1945 to January 1946 and involves dala in more than one million punch cards, then show the form under consideration would fail). CSIR Mk I, Australia's first computer, to evaluate the rainfall pattern for shelter from the Snowy Mountains, a project hidroelektrikbesar generation. The others are also used in kriptanalisis, such digitalyang first electronic computer, Colossus, created during World War II. However, early visionary programming is also expected that it will allow the game of chess, moving images and other uses.
The people in government and large corporations also use computers to automate data collection, and many tasks previously done by humans -for example, maintain and update the accounts and inventory. In the field of education, scientists in various fields began to use computers for their own analysis. Decrease in computer prices to make them can be used by smaller organizations. Businesses, organizations, and governments often use very many small computers to complete tasks that used to be performed by the computer main frame of the expensive and large.


Collection of smaller computers in one location as submitted to the server estate.
With the discovery of mikroprosesordi 1970, became possible to produce very cheap computers. PC has become popular for many tasks, including storing books, write and print documents. And other calculations predict recurrent mathematics with spreadsheets, related e-mail and Internet. However, widespread availability and easy customization computers have seen them used for many other purposes.
Simultaneously, a small computer, usually with a set program, began to find their way into other devices such as home equipment, cars, aircraft, and industrial equipment. Embedded processors that control this behavior of such devices is easier, allowing the behavior of more complex controls (for the event, the development of anti-lock brakes on the car). As the twenty-first century begins, most electrical appliances, most forms of powered transportation, and most factory production line controlled by the computer. Most engineers predict that this will tend to continue.


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Computer Parts

Computer consists of 2 major parts: software / hardware and software / hardware.


Hardware


Processor, or CPU data processing unit
RAM memory, which store data temporarily
Hard drives, semi-permanent storage medium
Input device, the media used to enter data to be processed by the CPU, such as mice, keyboards, and tablets
Output device, the media used to display the CPU processing the output results, such as monitors and printers.


Software


Operating system: basic program on a computer that connects users with computer hardware, such as Linux, Windows, and Mac OS. Operating system tasks, including (but not only) after it penjalanan programdi, coordination Input, output, processing, memory, and software installation and disposal.


Computer program, additional applications are installed in accordance with the operating system.


slot on the computer


ISA / PCI: input card slot for additional non-graphical.


AGP / PCIe: input slot for additional graphics cards.


IDE / SCSI / SATA: Slot for the harddrive / ODD.


USB: a media input slot for plug-and-play (plug and play, meaning that devices can be connected directly to your computer and can be used).


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Embedded Computers

For about 20 years, many household appliances, particularly including a panel of video games but also includes a cell phone, video cassette recorders, PDAs and many in the household, industrial, automotive, and other electronic equipment, all of which contain electronic circuits such as computer eligible Turing-complete the above (with a note that the programs of these devices are often made directly in the ROM chip which would need to be changed to change the engine program). Other special purpose computer is generally known as "microcontroller" or "Embedded computer". Therefore, many of which restrict the definition to computer main purpose tool that is processing information, rather than becoming part of larger systems such as microwave ovens, phone, or aircraft, and can be modified for various purposes by users with no physical modifications. The main frame computer, minikomputer, and personal computers (PCs) are the main types of computers that have this definition.


Personal Computers
Finally, many people who are not familiar with other forms of computers, use this term to refer exclusively to the personal computer (PC).


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How to Computer Work

As the technology used in digital computers has changed dramatically since the first computer in the 1940s (see History of the hardware menghitunguntuk more details), most computers still use the von Neumann architecture, which was proposed in the early 1940s by a man named John von Neumann.


Von Neumann architecture describes a computer with four main sections:
1. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU),
2. control unit,
3. memory,
4. and the input devices and the results (collectively called I / O).
This section is connected by a wire file, "bus"


Memory


RAM memory modules


In this system, the memory bytes are numbered sequence (such as "cell" or "pigeon holes"), each containing a small piece of information. This information may be a command to tell the computer what to do. Tues may contain computer data needed to perform a command. Each slot may contain one, and something that is now the data may then be ordered.


A memory storing various forms of information as binary numbers. The information will not be resolved binary form (encoded) with a number of instructions to turn it into a sequence of numbers or figures. For example: The letter F is stored as a decimal number 70 (or binary digits) using one method of solving. More complex instructions can be used to store images, sound, video, and various kinds of information. The information can be stored in a sell is called a byte.


In general, the memory can be thought of as a blackboard and chalk that can be written and erased again, rather than a legal pad with a pen that can not be deleted.


The size of each cell, and cell numbers, a great change from computer to computer, and technology in the manufacture of memory has changed greatly - from Electromechanical relays, to a tube filled with mercury (and later spring) in which the acoustic pulse is formed, until the permanent magnet matrix, to each transistor, the integrated circuits with millions of transistors on a single silicon chip.


Processing


Central processing unit or CPU (central processing unit) contributes to process referrals, perform calculation and deal with excessive menerusi information computer system. Processing units or devices will also communicate with the device input, output and storan to implement directives related.


Image: CPU with pins.jpg
Example of a CPU in packaging Ball Grid Array (BGA) is displayed upside down to show her legs.


In the von Neumann architecture of the original, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the two units are located in a single integrated circuit (IC-Integrated Circuit), which is usually called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs the basic implementation as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the contents of two slots for equality). In this unit performed "work" is real.


Save the command control unit is now done by computers, orders for the implementation of the ALU and get back information (from memory) needed to execute the command, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location. Once that happens, the control unit to go to the next command (usually located in the next slot, except if the order is a jump command that tells the computer that the next order placed at another location).


Input and Results


allow the computer to get information from the outside world, and put his work there, can the physical form (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy). There are various kinds of devices I / O, from a close called the keyboard, disk drives monitordan, to the more unusual such as a webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so on.


Which is owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (change) information of a kind to the data can be further processed by a digital computer system. Instrument output, decoding the data into information that can be understood by computer users. In this sense, the digital computer system is an example of data processing systems.


Instruction


Commands discussed above is not a command like human language. Computers only have a limited number of simple commands well defined. Ordinary command is understood most of the computer is "copy the contents of cell 123, and a place in the cell clone 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and the result in 013 cells", and "if the contents of cell 999is 0, the next command you in 345 cells ".

Instructions represented in the computer as a number - code for "copy" may be 001, for example. A set of special commands that are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people usually do not write instructions for computers directly in machine language but use the programming language "high level" is then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages are closely related to machine language, such as an assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages like Prolog based on abstract principles far removed from implementation details. actual machine (high-level language)


Architecture


Contemporary computer and put the ALU kontrolke units in a single circuit terpaduyang known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU. Typically, the computer memory is placed in the top few small integrated circuits near the CPU. Tool which occupies most of the computer room is ancilliary system (for example, to provide electrical power) or instrument I / O.


Some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing-they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing-they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, several computers, used largely for research purposes and scientific computing, have differed significantly from the above model, but they have found little commercial use.


The function of the computer, in principle, is actually quite simple. Computer reaching the command and data from memory. Command conducted, the results are stored, and subsequent orders achieved. This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off.


Program


Computer program is a big list of commands to be done by a computer, perhaps with the data in the table. Many computer programs contain millions of orders, and many of the commands was done repeatedly. A [Personal computer - PC] Modern general (in 2003) can do about 2-3 billion in the second command. Computers do not get their extraordinary abilities through the ability to perform complex commands. However, they do millions of simple commands arranged by smart people, "programmers." "Programmer Both develop command sets for common tasks (for example, draw a dot on the screen) and then make the command sets that are available to other programmers." Nowadays, most computers seem to do several programs at once. This is usually referred to as multitasking. In fact, the CPU perform the command from one program, then after a while, the CPU switch to the second program and do some orders. Small interval is often referred to as a slice of time (time-slice). This raises the illusion that multiple programs simultaneously performed by giving the CPU time in the program. This is similar to how the film is just a quick series of still frame. The operating system is a program that normally is distributed over time.


Operating System


The operating system is a combination of such a useful piece of code. As a kind of computer code can be used simultaneously by a wide range of computer programs, after many years, programmers finally menmindahkannya into the operating system.


Operating system, determining which program is run, when, and which tools (such as memory or I / O) that they use. The operating system also provides services to other programs, such as code (drivers) that allows programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the details of all electronic devices connected.


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Computer

The picture above is a kind of super computers used by NASA in Columbia


Computers are electronic devices that can be used to process the data according to procedures that have been formulated. Computer word originally used to describe someone who is doing the work arithmetic calculations, with or without tools, but the meaning of this word and then transferred to the name of the machine itself. Onset, the processing of information is almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern computers are used to do various tasks that are not related to mathematics.


In the definition there are tools such as slide rule, mechanical calculator types ranging from abacus, and so on, until all contemporary electronic computers. The term computer is better suited for a broad sense as "computer" is "that process information" or "information-processing system."
According to the history of computers, computer generation is divided into 5 parts.


1. Computer
Embedded Computer 1.a
Personal Computer 1.B
2. How to Computer Work
2.A Memory
2.B Processing
2.C Input and Results
2.D Instruction
2.E Architecture
2.F Program
2.F.1 Operating System
3. Computer Use
4. The word "Computer"
5. Computer parts
5.A Hardware
5.B Software
5.C slot on your computer


The above definition includes many special tools that can only take one or several functions. When considering modern computers, the nature of the computer the most distinguished of the tool calculates the earlier is that, with the right programming, any computer can emulate any nature (although limited by storage capacity and different speeds), and, it is believed that the machine now computing devices can mimic what would we create in the future (although more slowly).


In a sense, these limits are a useful test because the computer recognized the "general purpose" of the special purpose equipment early. The definition of "public purpose" can be formulated into a condition that a machine should be able to emulate a universal Turing machine. Machines that have this definition is known as a Turing complete, and the first computers appeared in 1940 in the middle of development throughout the world.


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