As the technology used in digital computers has changed dramatically since the first computer in the 1940s (see History of the hardware menghitunguntuk more details), most computers still use the von Neumann architecture, which was proposed in the early 1940s by a man named John von Neumann.
Von Neumann architecture describes a computer with four main sections:
1. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU),
2. control unit,
3. memory,
4. and the input devices and the results (collectively called I / O).
This section is connected by a wire file, "bus"
Memory
RAM memory modules
In this system, the memory bytes are numbered sequence (such as "cell" or "pigeon holes"), each containing a small piece of information. This information may be a command to tell the computer what to do. Tues may contain computer data needed to perform a command. Each slot may contain one, and something that is now the data may then be ordered.
A memory storing various forms of information as binary numbers. The information will not be resolved binary form (encoded) with a number of instructions to turn it into a sequence of numbers or figures. For example: The letter F is stored as a decimal number 70 (or binary digits) using one method of solving. More complex instructions can be used to store images, sound, video, and various kinds of information. The information can be stored in a sell is called a byte.
In general, the memory can be thought of as a blackboard and chalk that can be written and erased again, rather than a legal pad with a pen that can not be deleted.
The size of each cell, and cell numbers, a great change from computer to computer, and technology in the manufacture of memory has changed greatly - from Electromechanical relays, to a tube filled with mercury (and later spring) in which the acoustic pulse is formed, until the permanent magnet matrix, to each transistor, the integrated circuits with millions of transistors on a single silicon chip.
Processing
Central processing unit or CPU (central processing unit) contributes to process referrals, perform calculation and deal with excessive menerusi information computer system. Processing units or devices will also communicate with the device input, output and storan to implement directives related.
Image: CPU with pins.jpg
Example of a CPU in packaging Ball Grid Array (BGA) is displayed upside down to show her legs.
In the von Neumann architecture of the original, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the two units are located in a single integrated circuit (IC-Integrated Circuit), which is usually called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs the basic implementation as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the contents of two slots for equality). In this unit performed "work" is real.
Save the command control unit is now done by computers, orders for the implementation of the ALU and get back information (from memory) needed to execute the command, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location. Once that happens, the control unit to go to the next command (usually located in the next slot, except if the order is a jump command that tells the computer that the next order placed at another location).
Input and Results
allow the computer to get information from the outside world, and put his work there, can the physical form (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy). There are various kinds of devices I / O, from a close called the keyboard, disk drives monitordan, to the more unusual such as a webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so on.
Which is owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (change) information of a kind to the data can be further processed by a digital computer system. Instrument output, decoding the data into information that can be understood by computer users. In this sense, the digital computer system is an example of data processing systems.
Instruction
Commands discussed above is not a command like human language. Computers only have a limited number of simple commands well defined. Ordinary command is understood most of the computer is "copy the contents of cell 123, and a place in the cell clone 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and the result in 013 cells", and "if the contents of cell 999is 0, the next command you in 345 cells ".
Instructions represented in the computer as a number - code for "copy" may be 001, for example. A set of special commands that are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people usually do not write instructions for computers directly in machine language but use the programming language "high level" is then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages are closely related to machine language, such as an assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages like Prolog based on abstract principles far removed from implementation details. actual machine (high-level language)
Architecture
Contemporary computer and put the ALU kontrolke units in a single circuit terpaduyang known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU. Typically, the computer memory is placed in the top few small integrated circuits near the CPU. Tool which occupies most of the computer room is ancilliary system (for example, to provide electrical power) or instrument I / O.
Some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing-they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing-they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, several computers, used largely for research purposes and scientific computing, have differed significantly from the above model, but they have found little commercial use.
The function of the computer, in principle, is actually quite simple. Computer reaching the command and data from memory. Command conducted, the results are stored, and subsequent orders achieved. This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off.
Program
Computer program is a big list of commands to be done by a computer, perhaps with the data in the table. Many computer programs contain millions of orders, and many of the commands was done repeatedly. A [Personal computer - PC] Modern general (in 2003) can do about 2-3 billion in the second command. Computers do not get their extraordinary abilities through the ability to perform complex commands. However, they do millions of simple commands arranged by smart people, "programmers." "Programmer Both develop command sets for common tasks (for example, draw a dot on the screen) and then make the command sets that are available to other programmers." Nowadays, most computers seem to do several programs at once. This is usually referred to as multitasking. In fact, the CPU perform the command from one program, then after a while, the CPU switch to the second program and do some orders. Small interval is often referred to as a slice of time (time-slice). This raises the illusion that multiple programs simultaneously performed by giving the CPU time in the program. This is similar to how the film is just a quick series of still frame. The operating system is a program that normally is distributed over time.
Operating System
The operating system is a combination of such a useful piece of code. As a kind of computer code can be used simultaneously by a wide range of computer programs, after many years, programmers finally menmindahkannya into the operating system.
Operating system, determining which program is run, when, and which tools (such as memory or I / O) that they use. The operating system also provides services to other programs, such as code (drivers) that allows programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the details of all electronic devices connected.
By Computer Secience (CS)
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